Alexander Graham Bell Essay -- Biography Biographies Bell Essays

Alexander Graham Bell Works Cited Missing The significance of Alexander Graham Bell on today’s society is obvious, or rather perceptible, consistently and all over the place. Most importantly, Alexander Graham Bell was a productive educator of the hard of hearing. This is the thing that he viewed as his actual life’s work, yet just one of the numerous significant things he did. Through his examination of discourse and sound, and his imaginative brain, he would get one of the most compelling innovators in present day history. His own meaning of an innovator, â€Å"A man who views the world and isn't mollified with things as they seem to be. He needs to improve whatever he sees, he needs to profit the world.† suits him well. Everything that he did affected somebody.      Alexander Graham Bell was conceived in Edinburgh, Scotland, to a group of discourse instructors. His dad, Melville Bell, had concocted Visible Speech, a code of images for every expressed sound that was utilized in showing hard of hearing individuals to speak (Clarke 15). His mom was hard of hearing, this lead Melville and Alexander to investigation in the subject. Alexander Bell learned at Edinburgh University in 1864 and helped his dad at University College, London, from 1868-70. During these years he turned out to be profoundly keen on the investigation of sound and the mechanics of discourse, enlivened to a limited extent by the acoustic analyses of German physicist Hermann Von Helmholtz, which gave Bell broadcasting discourse (Paschoff 18).      When youthful Bell’s two siblings passed on of tuberculosis, Melville Bell took his residual family to the more beneficial atmosphere of Canada in 1870. From that point, Aleck Bell ventured to Boston, Massachusetts, in 1871 and joined the staff of the Boston School for the Deaf. The next year, Bell opened his own school in Boston for preparing educators of the hard of hearing. In 1873 he turned into a teacher of vocal physiology at Boston University, and he likewise guided private understudies as a side activity (Clarke 15, 16).      Bell’s enthusiasm for discourse and correspondence drove him to research the transmission of sound over wires. Specifically, he tried different things with improvement of the consonant message a gadget that could send numerous messages simultaneously over a solitary wire. Ringer additionally worked with the chance of transmitting the human voice, exploring different avenues regarding vibrating layers and a real human ear. Ringer even controlled his mutts vocal lines so that wh... ...ng blares and sounds through phone lines to different PCs that unravel the signals and sounds into information. This would not be conceivable if Bell hadn’t made sense of how to transmit these sounds. Something very similar goes for radios and mobile phones and TVs. The speakers in these gadgets are completely made conceivable by the understanding that Bell obtained of sounds and transmitting them through electrical gadgets.      Alexander Graham Bell was a man of warmth and human fragility, cherished by his significant other, youngsters, and grandkids. His life seemed to show the unity of the world. He was cheered at shows, hailed at logical gatherings, and searched out by correspondents. He and his better half joined two various and affectionate families. Kids, particularly those of his own more distant family, adored him. His marriage was a model of dedication all through its forty-five years. He was ostensibly an individual from a larger number of clubs and different associations than he could review at some random time, and he was dynamic in various them (Allen 70,71). He was significantly more than one of the most compelling designers of current history, he was an incredible Husband, a tutor for youth, a model resident, and a superb educator.

Assignment of Organisation

Investigate hierarchical structure and culture LO2 (3. 2): Examine various ways to deal with the board and initiative and speculations of association LO3 (3. 3): Examine the connection between persuasive hypotheses LO4 (3. 4): Demonstrate a comprehension of working with others, cooperation, gatherings and gathering elements. P1: (3. 1. 01): Compare and differentiation distinctive authoritative structures and culture P2: (3. 1. 02): Analyze the connection between an organisation’s structure and culture and the impacts on business execution P3 (3. 1. 03): Analyze the variables which impact singular conduct at work P4: (3. 2. 1)Analyse how authoritative hypothesis supports standards and practices of sorting out and of the board P5: (3. 2. 02): Compare the various ways to deal with the board and speculations of association utilized by two associations P6: (3. 3. 01): Discuss distinctive initiative styles and the viability of these administration approaches P7: (3. 3. 02): Explain the distinctive persuasive speculations and their application inside the work environment P8: (3. 3. 03): Assess the connection between inspiration hypothesis and the act of the executives P9: (3. 4. 01): depict the idea of gatherings and gathering conduct inside associations P10: (3. 4. 2): Investigate the variables that lead to viable collaboration and the impacts that undermine achievement P11 (3. 4. 03): Evaluate the effect of innovation on group working inside a given association

The New Century Financial Corporation Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

In 2006, a boom in U.S. housing prices abruptly reverses course; between the fourth quarter of 2005 and the first quarter of 2006, median U.S. housing prices fall 3.3 percent. These declines accelerate in 2007. The downturn prompts a collapse of the U.S. subprime mortgage industry, which offered loans to individuals with poor credit or no cash for a down payment. More than twenty-five subprime lending firms declare bankruptcy in February and March 2007. The collapse rattles the Dow Jones Industrial Average, which on February 27 loses 416 points, or 3.3 percent, its biggest one-day point loss since 9/11. New Century Financial Corporation, the largest U.S. subprime lender, files for bankruptcy following a series of bankruptcies at smaller subprime lending firms. Analysts worry about the impact debt from subprime mortgages will have on the financial sector, which invested heavily in securitized debt from subprime loans. July 31 2007: Bear Sterns Hedge Funds Bear Stearns, one of the largest investment banks in the United States, announces two of its hedge funds have lost almost all of their investor capital and will file for bankruptcy. The bank previ ously attempted to use money from other parts of its operations to bail out the funds and halted redemptions, but the losses at the funds, which eclipsed 90 percent of original holdings, proved too large. This is one of the first signs of major problems in financial markets beyond the subprime loan industry. August 2007: Subprime woes go global Subprime mortgage problems go global as hedge funds and banks around the world reveal substantial holdings of mortgage-backed securities in their investment portfolios. Frances BNP Paribas announces on August 9 that it cannot value the assets held by three of its hedge funds. Other EU banks follow with similar announcements. The European Central Bank immediately steps in offering low-interest credit lines to these banks August 10 2007: Global Coordination With lending markets drying up around the world, central banks coordinate to inject liquidity into credit markets for the first time since 9/11. The U.S. Federal Reserve, the Eur opean Central Bank, and the Banks of Australia, Canada, and Japan all inject money. On August 15, Countrywide Financial, the largest mortgage lender in the United States, says foreclosures and mortgage delinquencies have risen to their highest levels since 2002. September 13 2007: Northern Rock Northern Rock, a British bank, requests emergency funds from Britains central bank. A run on deposits at Northern Rock ensues, with large lines forming outside bank branches. In February 2008, Northern Rock will be taken into state ownership. Sep 18 2007 : Fed Slashes Rate The U.S. Federal Reserve makes its first in a series of interest rate cuts, lowering the benchmark federal funds rate from 5.25 percent to 4.75 percent. By November 2008, the Fed will cut rates to 1 percent, as displayed on the adjoined chart. In December 2008, they will make another cut, lowering rates to between 0 percent and 0.25 percent. October 9 2007: Market Peak The Dow Jones Industrial Average, whi ch measures the combined stock values of the thirty largest companies in the United States, peaks at 14,164. By February 2009, the Dow will fall to just over 6,500. October 10 2007: Subprime mortgage plan Following a request from President George W. Bush, U.S. Treasury Secretary Henry Paulson and Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Alphonso Jackson unveil a plan called the Hope Now Alliance aimed at stemming a wave of foreclosures on U.S. subprime mortgages by freezing interest rates on some loans. The plan spotlights concerns that variable mortgages, which adjust from a low initial interest rate to higher interest rates over time, will gradually force more homeowners to default on their home mortgages. Critics eventually fault the plan for taking too long to implement and not going far enough to stabilize the subprime market. October 15-17 2007: Super SIV Plan A consortium of banks backed by the U.S. government announces plans for a $100 billion fund to buy and u nwind structured investment vehicles (SIVs), a complicated financial instrument bundling different forms of debt, including debt from subprime mortgages, into tradable securities. Citigroup, Bank of America, and JPMorgan Chase agree to form the fund, which will purchase and value existing SIVs, to help restore confidence in interbank lending markets. The plan crumbles, however, due to lack of demand for the mortgage-backed assets packaged in the SIVs and difficulties coordinating among participating banks. The Treasury abandons the idea on December 24. Jan 24 2008: Real Estate Fear The National Association of Realtors releases data for 2007 showing the largest single-year drop in U.S. home sales in twenty-five years, increasing fears that more Americans will default on mortgage debt and other forms of debt, adding to credit market problems. March 14 2008: Bear Sterns bailout Bear Stearns, one of the largest U.S. investment banks, announces major liquidity problems and is granted a twenty-eight-day emergency loan from the New York Federal Reserve Bank. Investors are fearful that the firms collapse could spark a collapse of the financial sector. Two days later, JPMorgan Chase buys Bear Stearns for $2 per share (later, it will increase its bid to $10 per share). The bank traded at a high of $172 per share about two months earlier. The collapse and sale of one of the most iconic institutions on Wall Street sparks broad fears about the future of the financial sector. March 31st 2008: Paulsons plan Treasury Secretary Henry Paulson proposes a broad overhaul of the U.S. financial system. The plan calls for the possible merger of two major regulatory bodies, the Securities and Exchange Commission and the Commodity Futures Trading Commission. It is also interpreted as giving additional powers to the U.S. Federal Reserve. Many of the long-term regulatory proposals from the plan remain under consideration. July 15 2008 Paulsons Bazooka Following th e collapse of IndyMac, a major Pasadena commercial bank, and with problems swirling around U.S. mortgage lenders Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, Treasury Secretary Henry Paulson makes reference to his bazooka option. His comments lead many analysts to believe that the U.S. government will step in to stabilize any financial institution so large that its collapse poses systemic risks. September 7 2008: Government Interventions The U.S. government announces it will seize control of federal mortgage insurers Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, in what is considered Washingtons most dramatic credit crisis intervention to date. The two firms are riddled by mortgage defaults, and federal regulators fear their collapse could lead to massive collateral damage for financial markets and the U.S. economy. September 15 2008: Lehman Collapses On September 15, Lehman Brothers, a major global investment bank and a fixture in the U.S. financial sector for more than 150 years, files for the largest b ankruptcy in U.S. history. The announcement spooks many investors who had assumed the U.S. Treasury would act to prevent a bank the size of Lehman from failing. On the same day, Bank of America announces a $50 billion purchase of the investment bank Merrill Lynch, reassuring investors of Merrills ability to cover its short-term debts and stave off bankruptcy. The following day, credit ratings agencies downgrade AIG, the largest insurer in the United States. On September 17, the U.S. Federal Reserve loans AIG $85 billion. Septemeber 19 2008: Rescue Plans Treasury Secretary Henry Paulson unveils a rescue plan dubbed the Troubled Assets Relief Program, or TARP. The plan aims to use $700 billion of U.S. taxpayer assets to stabilize markets. It also proposes a plan to buy troubled and difficult-to-value assets from the countrys largest financial firms, value them, and resell them, in the hopes of restoring confidence in credit markets. Later, on November 12, Paulson will abandon th e element of the plan aimed at buying toxic assets, focusing the remainder of the TARP assets on recapitalizing financial firms. September 21 2008: Goldman and Morgan convert status The two largest U.S. investment banks, Goldman Sachs and Morgan Stanley, announce they will convert to bank holding companies, exposing them to additional government regulation but also giving them access to more loans from the U.S. Federal Reserve. Combined with the collapse of Lehman Brothers and the sales of Bear Stearns and Merrill Lynch, the move marks the end of independent investment banks, symbols of Wall Streets success in the second half of the twentieth century. September 25-29, 2008: Bank Failures Washington Mutual is seized by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) and declares bankruptcy; the next day, the FDIC sells the banks assets to another bank, JPMorgan Chase. On September 29, another major U.S. bank, Wachovia, enters crisis takeover talks with Citigroup. Wachovi a is purchased in early October by Wells Fargo. October 01 -03 2008: Congress acts After the U.S. House of Representatives rejects Treasury Secretary Henry Paulsons $700 billion rescue package on September 29, the U.S. Senate approves revised legislation on October 1. As calls for quick action mount from business leaders, the media, and the U.S. public, the House passes the revised legislation on October 3. EU safeguards: October 02 2008 Ireland approves a guarantee of bank deposits, setting off criticism from EU partners of unfair competition and spurring moves by individual European countries to safeguard banks. October 06-07 2008: Fed Intervention With equity and credit markets both reeling, the U.S. Federal Reserve moves on October 6 to make an additional $900 billion of short-term lending available to banks. The next day, the Fed announces plans to lend approximately $1.3 trillion to companies outside the financial sector. Dow finishes worst week: October 10 2008 Amid spiralling financial concerns, the Dow Jones Industrial Average suffers t he worst week of losses in its history, dropping 22.1 percent. During the course of the week, the U.S. Federal Reserve intervenes in loan markets, extending aid both to banks and nonfinancial firms. The Danish government follows Ireland and guarantees bank deposits; BNP Paribas takes over Fortis, making it the largest bank in the Euro zone; and Iceland passes legislation to nationalize, merge, or force into bankruptcy failing banks. The central banks of the United States, the EU, Britain, China, Canada, Sweden, and Switzerland make coordinated interest rate cuts. G7 leaders coordinate October 08 2011 Finance ministers from the Group of Seven (G7), which includes Britain, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, and the United States, meet in Washington. They do not agree on a concrete plan to address the crisis, despite growing calls for a coordinated international response. Two days later, several European countries move to nationalize banks and increase liquidity. November 07 2008: Heavey US job losses The United States announces 240,000 jobs were lost in October 2008, the first in a series of announcements of heavy job losses that continues into 2009. By March 2009, U.S. unemployment will reach 8.5 percent, its highest level in over twenty-five years. November 14 2008: Finance Summit Leaders from the worlds Group of Twenty (G20) major economies gather in Washington for a summit billed by many as the second coming of the 1944 Bretton Woods conference. The leaders release a communique outlining plans for further meetings and calling for ambitious reforms to the global financial system. The leaders also make firm statements against trade protectionism, though most of the G20 member states will implement protectionist measures in the months following the summit. January 20 2009: Obamas Economic team Barack Obama succeeds George W. Bush to become the forty-fourth president of the United States. Obama promises to make addressing economic con cerns his top priority and pledges sweeping policy changes to address the crisis, saying only government can lead the United States out of its economic doldrums. He appoints former New York Federal Reserve Chair Timothy Geithner to head the U.S. Treasury and Christina Romer, a professor of economics at the University of California, Berkeley, as the chair of his Council of Economic Advisers. Jan 27 2009: Icelands government collapses A financial meltdown in Iceland, a country that had focused its economy heavily on the financial sector, leads the Icelandic government coalition to crumble. The collapse marks the first political casualty of the financial crisis. By the end of February, the governments of Belgium and Latvia also will collapse due in part to domestic financial turmoil. February 17 2009: Stimulus Spending Amid a wave of global spending on fiscal stimulus, President Barack Obama signs a $787 billion stimulus package into law. The bill aims to boost vital sector s of the U.S. economy, including energy and health care. It wins praise from some economists, who laud Obamas recognition of the urgency of the moment, but others criticize the bill for inefficiencies. Feb 25 2009: Early Moves Under Obama U.S. Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner unveils the details of a plan for stress tests at big U.S. banks to determine the strength of their balance sheets. The move comes as part of Geithners Financial Stability Plan, which coordinates action among several U.S. regulators. Other parts of the plan include a Public-Private Investment Program, designed to facilitate private-sector investment in troubled assets, and the Term Asset-Backed Securities Lending Facility, or TALF, designed to free up credit to consumers and small businesses. March 18 2009: Quantitative easing The U.S. Federal Reserve announces it will buy an additional $750 billion in mortgage-backed securities and $300 billion in U.S. treasuriesa move known as quantitative easi ngto try to push long-term interest rates down and jumpstart economic activity. On November 3, 2010, the Fed announces it will initiate another round of QE by buying up $600 billion in long-term treasuries, to be completed by the end of June 2011. The Fed says it will also reinvest between $250 and $300 billion of proceeds from its mortgage-related holdings to buy other government bonds. April 02 2009: G20 Summit Following up on Group of Twenty meetings in Washington in November 2008, heads of state from twenty of the worlds leading economies meet in London. At the meetings, the G20 nations pledge to triple funding for the International Monetary Fund, as well as directing new money to trade financing. The leaders do not make any major statement on increasing global stimulus spending, a focus of the United States ahead of the meetings. Following a major push by France and Germany, the leaders do, however, announce their intention to crack down on tax havens and improve internat ional regulation of financial flows. June 17 2009: Financial Regulation Plan Having already moved to tighten regulation on specific aspects of financial markets, including the market for complex derivatives, Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner and White House economic adviser Lawrence Summers introduce a sweeping proposal to reform the U.S. financial regulatory system. The plan calls for giving additional oversight powers to the U.S. Federal Reserve, aimed at better enabling the Fed to monitor systemic risk. The plan also calls for higher capital and liquidity requirements for banks, new reporting requirements for issuers of asset-backed securities, and the creation of a council of regulators aimed at coordinating among different existing regulators. September 25 2009: G 20 supplants G8 Nearly a year after the financial crisis began, G20 leaders meet again, in Pittsburgh. The meeting firmly establishes the G20 as the supreme coordinating body for global economic affairs, supplanting the G8. Leaders agree to at least a 5 percent shift in voting rights in the International Monetary Fund from developed countries to developing countries and that IMF leadership should be chosen based on merit rather than nationality. The G20 pledges to develop policies to prevent the re-emergence of unsustainable global financial flows, acknowledging the need to improve savings rates in high-deficit countries like the United States, while spurring consumer spending in high-surplus countries like China. October 26 2009: Greeces Debt problem spiral Greeces new government vows to overhaul its finances after announcing the 2009 budget deficit will be 12.7 percent of GDP, far in excess of the EUs 3 percent limit. Six weeks later, rating agency Fitch cuts Greeces sovereign debt rating to below A grade for the first time in ten years. Public sector riots erupt in Athens in response to EU demands for Greece to outline a strict deficit-reducing plan under threat of sanctio ns. November 26 2009: Dubai world Debt woes Dubai government-owned conglomerate Dubai World requests a six-month standstill on $26 billion in loan repayments, amid rising sovereign debt fears in Europe. The request draws global attention to Dubais tenuous financial position in the wake of a massive building boom. Nearly three weeks later, fellow emirate Abu Dhabi offers Dubai a $10 billion bailout to avoid a default and allow the investment company to negotiate a debt restructuring. Sovereign Debt Crisis Woes Standard Poors downgrades Greeces credit rating to junk, making the country the first eurozone member to lose investment-grade status. The cost of servicing Greeces short-term debt rises sharply. The next day it downgrades Spains rating because of poor growth prospects. German Chancellor Angela Merkel demands Greece toughen its proposed austerity measures before Germany will approve a joint EU-IMF rescue package. April 27 2010: Sovereign Debt Crisis spreads S tandard Poors downgrades Greeces credit rating to junk, making the country the first eurozone member to lose investment-grade status. The cost of servicing Greeces short-term debt rises sharply. The next day it downgrades Spains rating because of poor growth prospects. German Chancellor Angela Merkel demands Greece toughen its proposed austerity measures before Germany will approve a joint EU-IMF rescue package. May 2010: Greek Bailout and Creation of EFSF On May 2, the EU and IMF announce a $146 billion financial rescue package for Greece to address its sovereign debt crisis in exchange for the country enacting strict austerity measures. Less than two weeks later, the EU and IMF agree to create a temporary eurozone stability mechanismthe European Financial Stability Facilityworth $1 trillion. The move comes in conjunction with a decision by the European Central Bank to buy eurozone government bonds on the open market in an effort to provide an added safety net for the euro a rea. June 2010: G20 spending disagreements As the G20 convenes in Toronto, a disagreement appears to sharpen over economic recovery strategies. French President Nicolas Sarkozy and German Chancellor Angela Merkel send a letter to summit host Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper urging his support for fiscal tightening among G20 countries. U.S. President Barack Obama stresses the need for continued spending to support growth and warns that excessive government spending cuts could lead to renewed hardships and recession. In their closing statement, member countries agree to halve their annual deficits within three years and stabilize their overall debt by 2016. November 28 2010: Irish Bailout The EU and IMF agree to provide Ireland with a $114 billion rescue package. The fund will help Ireland to manage its sovereign debt and recapitalize its insolvent banking sector, after having been forced into debt as a result of insuring its banks against all losses at the peak of t he crisis in 2008. May 05 2011: Portuguese Bailout The EU and IMF agree to provide Portugal with a $116 billion rescue package. Portugals dependence on foreign debtdemonstrated by a current account deficit that was over 10 percent of GDP in 2009makes it susceptible to sovereign debt contagion. Credit rating agencies predict Portugals exposure to the debt crisis will become unsustainable, and investors agree, ultimately making it too prohibitive for the country to finance itself on global debt markets. July 21 2011: A second Greek bailout Mounting fears over sovereign debt contagion to Italy and Spain force an emergency eurozone summit, where EU and IMF officials agree to provide Greece with a second financial rescue package worth $156 billion. The plan calls for an additional $55 billion in contributions by private bondholders, which could lead to a Greek default. Eurozone leaders also agree to an expansion of the temporary European Financial Stability Facility, which wi ll now be authorized to buy eurozone bonds on secondary markets and to lend directlyat lower ratesto troubled countries before they lose access to market financing. August 07 2011: ECB Bond Buying The European Central Bank announces it will actively implement its Securities Market Program to buy up Spanish and Italian government debt. The moves come amid a worsening eurozone sovereign debt crisis and soaring yields on Spanish and Italian bonds. September 21 2011: Operation Twist The U.S. Federal Reserve announces a new measure to stimulate the beleaguered economyknown as Operation Twist, a Fed policy originally enacted in the 1960sby which it will sell $400 billion in short-term treasuries in exchange for longer-term bonds. The move is part of a continuing effort to keep long-term interest rates down and generate borrowing. The controversial plan provokes a backlash from Republican lawmakers. The Fed also faces internal dissent, as three regional bank presidents vote aga inst the policy. Regulation and Deregulation Gold Standard 1880 As the industrial revolution blossoms in the United States and Europe, the United States adopts the gold standard, making U.S. currency freely convertible into gold at a fixed price. Currency election 1896 Monetary policy becomes a defining issue in the 1896 U.S. presidential campaign. Republican candidate William McKinley runs on a platform calling for industrial growth and a continuation of the gold standard. Democrat William Jennings Bryan runs on a populist ticket calling for bimetallism, in which silver is freely exchangeable for the U.S. dollar. McKinley wins, though skepticism about the gold standard persists. Federal Reserve system created 1913 Following a financial panic in 1907, calls for banking and currency reform lead to the creation of the Federal Reserve System, in which a central government bank lends to regional banks. The primary purpose of the system is to increase financial liquidity and to give the U.S. government better control over its currency. Click here for more on the structure and functions of the U.S. Federal Reserve. The New Deal 1933 The onset of the Great Depression, following the stock market crash in 1929, prompts a series of regulations by the incoming administration of President Franklin D. Roosevelt. First, in April 1933, the United States government outlaws nearly all private ownership of gold and places significant limits on gold exports. One month later, the Securities Act of 1933 requires that any interstate sale of securities be registered with the federal government. In June 1933, the Glass-Steagall Act creates the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, which guarantees private bank accounts up to a certain value. The act also gives the Federal Reserve control over the interest rates at which it lends to banks and prevents banks from operating as either insurance companies or investment firms. In June 1934, the U.S. government creates the Securities and Exchange Commission, a body tasked broadly with regulating transactions of securities. Finally, in 1938, the Federal National Mortgage Association ( FNMA, or Fannie Mae) is created in order to improve liquidity in the U.S. mortgage market. New Accounting Standards 1936 New accounting Standards : 1936 The U.S. government forms the Committee on Accounting Procedure, the first major attempt to regularize business performance reporting procedures in the United States. The committee institutes a framework called Generally Accepted Accounting Principles to provide a common framework for financial accounting. The Committee on Accounting Procedure is often considered to have failed in its primary objectives, but it evolves into future bodiesthe Accounting Principles Board in 1959, and then the Financial Accounting Standards Board in 1973that broaden the scope of U.S. accounting regulation. Bretton woods 1944 Following two years of negotiations and half a decade of war, world leaders meet in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, and draft the first framework intended to govern monetary relations among the worlds largest economies. The conference results in a system of fixed exchange rates, the creation of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, and plans for a third organizati on, aimed at governing world trade, that will eventually be founded as the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade in 1947. Fannie Freddie 1968-70 In 1968, the Federal National Mortgage Association (FNMA, or Fannie Mae), which was created in the late 1930s to purchase and securitize U.S. mortgages, is privatized as a government-sponsored enterprise, a special designation for a private company created by Congress to serve a specific financial role. In 1970, the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (FHLMC, or Freddie Mac), is created to expand the secondary market for home mortgages and to compete with Fannie Mae. Nixon ends International gold standard 1971 Embroiled in the Vietnam War, the financing of which requires the U.S. to sell its currency abroad and prompts rising inflation, U.S. President Richard Nixon cancels the Bretton Woods system of monetary governance and ends the direct convertibility of the dollar to gold. The move, which includes temporary wage and pric e controls and an import surcharge, becomes known as the Nixon Shock, in part because it was made without consulting members of the international monetary system or the U.S. State Department. In December 1971, a group of ten countries signs what becomes known as the Smithsonian Agreement, pledging that they will allow their currencies to appreciate against the U.S. dollar. Credit Expands 1974 -77 The Equal Credit Opportunity Act, passed in 1974, makes it illegal for creditors to discriminate against loan applicants on the basis of race, gender, religion, ethnicity, marital status, or age. In so doing, it opens credit opportunities to a much larger group of Americans. One year later, the Securities and Exchange Commission establishes a regulation called the net capital rule, limiting broker and dealer leverage (the ratio of debt to capital) to 12-to-1 on their investments. In 1977, the Community Reinvestment Act requires banks and savings and loan organizations to make credit a vailable to low- income households. 1980-1982 Banking Deregulation In 1980, the Depository Institutions Deregulation and Monetary Control Act deregulates interest rates, allows bank mergers, and allows savings and loan institutions and credit unions to offer checking accounts. Two years later, the Garn-St.Germain Depository Institutions Act further deregulates the savings and loan industry by allowing it to offer a new kind of account, the money market deposit account, aimed at helping the industry better compete with money market mutual funds. 1983: Collateralized Debt The financial firms Salomon Brothers and First Boston create the first collateralized debt obligations (CDOs), tradable securities combining debt pooled from bonds, loans, mortgage-backed securities, and other assets. CDOs will figure prominently in the financial crisis of the late 2000s. Savings and loan crisis: 1986 In October, the United States passes the Tax Reform Act of 1986, an attempt to sim plify the income tax code and eliminate real estate tax shelters. The act has unintended consequences, however. It pops the real estate bubble that characterized the first half of the 1980s, and eventually catalyzes a crisis at savings and loan institutions (SLs) across the United States. Over seven hundred U.S. SLs fail between 1986 and 1991. The crisis does not subside until after the 1989 Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery, and Enforcement Act, which introduces new regulation of the savings and loan industry and creates the Resolution Trust Corp oration, a body tasked with unwinding the contracts of failed SLs. Basel 1988 Central bankers from the worlds largest economies publish a set of banking standards, focusing on establishing minimal capital requirements, that is eventually implemented in the United States, Canada, Japan, and ten European countries. It is followed, in 2004, by a broader accord called Basel II which attempts to set up more rigorous capital and risk management requirements. Pooled Credit proliferates 1992 Congress passes the Federal Housing Enterprises Financial Safety and Soundness Act, which requires government-sponsored enterprises Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac to devote a percentage of their lending to affordable housing. This leads to an increase in the overall number of loans being pooled and securitized. Two years later, JPMorgan introduces the first credit default swap (CDS), a credit derivative which can act as a kind of insurance against defaults for investors in credit. Over the next decade and a half, CDSs become the most widely traded credit derivative product globally. The CDS market proves a major source of systemic financial risk when major CDS-issuing firms, including AIG and Lehman Brothers, find themselves in financial trouble. Subprime market grows 1995-99 affordable-housing lending obligations for buying subprime securities, thus encouraging the proliferation of risky housing loans during the latt er half of the 1990s. In September 1999, government-sponsored enterprise Fannie Mae eases credit requirements to encourage banks to extend loans to people whose credit is not good enough to qualify them for conventional loans, further encouraging growth in the subprime lending industry. Bank and Credit Deregulation 1999 In November, the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Financial Services Modernization Act partially repeals the Glass-Steagall Act of 1933, allowing banks to operate other financial businesses such as insurance and investment brokerages. One year later, the Commodity Futures Modernization Act exempts credit default swaps and trading on electronic energy commodity markets from regulation. Greenspan cuts interest rates 2000 2001 Prompted by the bursting dotcom bubble and the resulting recession, and with policymakers fearing deflation, the U.S. Federal Reserve, led by Alan Greenspan, lowers its benchmark interest rate eleven times. Low interest rates lead to an easy-credit environment, encouraging lending practices that will prove to be unsustainable later in the decade. The resulting credit bubble plays a large role in the run-up to the financial crisis of 2008. Sarbanes-Oxley 2002 In response to a series of corporate governance and accounting scandals, Congress passes the Sarbanes-Oxley Act in an effort to improve government oversight of corporate accounting procedures and securities markets. Supporters argue this legislation succeeds in restoring confidence in U.S. securities markets, but critics say it places undue restrictions on U.S. corporations and puts them at a disadvantage internationally. Leverage restrictions lifted 2004 In April, the SEC changes the net capital rule, which had limited broker-dealers and investment banks to a 12-to-1 leverage (the ratio of debt to equity) on investments. The change allows firms with more than $5 billion in assets to leverage themselves an unlimited number of times. Qualifying firms at the time include Bear Stearns, Lehman Brothers, Merrill Lynch, Goldman Sachs, and Morgan Stanley. In the years that follow, these firms greatly increase the amount of leverage they employ, to a point where in 2007 they routinely use thirty times leverage on investments. None of the five firms survive the 2008 credit crisis intact as independent investment banks. Paulsons Regulatory Plan: 2008 Amid a rapidly unfolding financial crisis, Treasury Secretary Henry Paulson unveils a proposal for a sweeping overhaul of the U.S. financial regulatory system. Paulsons proposal calls for consolidation among the federal and state bodies tasked with supervising financial firms, including a merger of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC). The plan is also interpreted as giving additional powers to the U.S. Federal Reserve. Many of the long-term proposals from the plan are still under consideration as of early 2009. Beyond legislation, sever al financial events in 2008 work to change the financial regulatory order. In September, the U.S. government nationalizes the mortgage lenders Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, leading to much more direct government oversight of the firms. Later that month, the investment banks Goldman Sachs and Morgan Stanley convert from private investment banks to bank holding companies, subjecting themselves to additional federal oversight in exchange for new loan opportunities. Obamas regulatory Plan 2009 Having already moved to tighten regulation on specific aspects of financial markets, including the market for complex derivatives, Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner and White House economic adviser Lawrence Summers introduce a sweeping proposal to reform the U.S. financial regulatory system. The plan calls for giving additional oversight powers to the U.S. Federal Reserve, aimed at better enabling the Fed to monitor systemic risk. The plan also calls for higher capital and liquidity requirem ents for banks, new reporting requirements for issuers of asset-backed securities, and the creation of a council of regulators aimed at coordinating among different existing regulators. US Financial overhaul Dod Frank Wall Street reform President Barack Obama signs into law a financial reform bill giving the federal government new powers to regulate Wall Street and prevent financial crises. The bill includes creation of a Consumer Financial Protection Bureau and a Financial Services Oversight Council of existing regulators to monitor market stability. The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation gains power to seize and dismantle troubled financial firms deemed too big to fail, and proprietary trading (when banks invest for their own profit) is banned. The bill also limits the scope of banks investments in hedge funds and private equity funds and requires most derivatives to be traded through public clearinghouses or exchanges. Capitalism in theory and practice 1776 : Wealth of Nations With war raging in North America as Britains colonies there fight for independence, a British economist named Adam Smith publishes the seminal text defending modern liberal economic theory, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. The book, which is often referred to simply as The Wealth of Nations, advocates free-market economies and promotes the idea that individuals pursuing their own economic self-interest can create unintended positive side effects for the overall economy. 1820: Industrial revolution The development of the Watt steam engine in the late eighteenth century spurs a wave of industrial development in Europe and the United States, which comes to be known as the Industrial Revolution. Major changes alter the face of agriculture, manufacturing, and transportation, and rewrite the economic status quo that had dominated Europe for centuries. 1846: Corn laws repealed Britain repeals its Corn Laws, a system of tariffs aimed at bolstering British competition against foreign imports. The move signals a shift away from British mercantilisma theory of trade that holds the global volume of trade is unchangeable and thus focuses on building a positive balance of trade with other nations. It marks a significant step toward increasing free trade internationally. 1848: Communist/Capitalist Divide With unrest erupting across Europe, the German philosophers Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels publish The Communist Manifesto, the founding work of communist economic and social theory; the same year, the British philosopher John Stuart Mill publishes The Principles of Political Economy, which will become the dominant textbook on economics through most of the remainder of the nineteenth century. These two works coincide with the rise of laissez-faire economics, which espouses limited government intervention in the economy and which takes hold particularly in Britain during the middle part of the 1800s . The growing popularity of The Economist, a British news publication founded in 1843 that advocates liberal economic theory, accompanies this tide. 1884 : Fabian Socialism An elite British intellectual group, founded in 1884 and calling itself the Fabian Society after the Roman general Fabius, promotes a strand of utopian socialism drawing from the ideas of Karl Marx but eschewing the violent revolutionary tactics of some of his followers. The group becomes known for its essays and literary works; its ranks include the prominent intellectuals Sidney and Beatrice Webb, George Bernard Shaw, H.G. Wells, and Virginia Woolf. The society promotes ideas such as the nationalization of property and the implementation of a minimum wage. Its followers figure prominently in the founding of the British Labour Party in 1900. 1913: Federal reserve System created Following a financial panic in 1907, calls for banking and currency reform lead to the creation of the Federal Reserve Syste m, in which a central government bank lends to regional banks. The primary purpose of the system is to increase financial liquidity and to give the U.S. government better control over its currency. Click here for more on the structure and functions of the U.S. Federal Reserve. 1917: Russian revolution With World War I raging across Europe, Bolsheviks seize power in a coup in Russia, giving power to Communist groups called soviets (councils), and eventually leading to the establishment of the Soviet Union in 1922. For the better part of the twentieth century, the Communist Soviet Union would stand as capitalisms main rival and a competing power base of economic ideology. Two years after the Russian Revolution, in 1919, the publication of the Fascist manifesto sets the stage for pockets of fascism to emerge in Europe. Fascism and communism duel for supremacy in Germanys Weimar Republic until National Socialism, or Nazism, comes to dominate with the rise of Adolf Hitler. 1922: State Corporatization The idea of corporatism, in which a ruling party mediates between civic groups that represent various economic or social interests, rises to prominence in the early 1920s with Benito Mussolinis ascendance as Italys prime minister. In the corporate economic model, alliances representing different industries and worker groups are part of the ruling mechanism of the state. Corporatist models are implemented in Italy, Spain, Germany, Japan, and other countries in the run-up to World War IIoften accompanied by a brand of authoritarian nationalism known as fascism. The model largely disappears following World War II, but authoritarian economies like China and Russia adopt elements of state corporatism in their post-Cold War models. 1935: Keynes Economic rethink Following the stock market crash of 1929, more than half a decade of economic depression, and a series of massive government interventions in the economy including new regulatory strictures implement ed by President Franklin Roosevelt, a reassessment of markets takes root. The British economist John Maynard Keynes comes to represent the new thinking, suggesting several changes to the status quo of economic thought. Among other points, Keynes argues that capitalism wont self-correct and will require ongoing government oversight. 1944: Brettenwoods Following two years of negotiations and half a decade of war, world leaders meet in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, and draft the first framework intended to govern monetary relations among the worlds largest economies. The conference results in a system of fixed exchange rates, the creation of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, and plans for a third organization, aimed at governing world trade, that is eventually founded in 1947 as the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. 1949: Chinese revolution With the Chinese civil war that began in 1946 nearing its end, the Communist Party of China, led by Mao Zedong, seizes power in 1949. It implements a Communist government that alongside the Soviet Union will oppose U.S. capitalist ideology throughout much of the twentieth century. Within a decade, Mao breaks with Moscow, however, in part over doctrinal disputes relating to industrialization and collectivization of agriculture. 1956: Peak Oil A geophysicist named M. King Hubbert theorizes that the rate of oil production in any given geographical area tends to follow a bell-shaped curve. Hubbert correctly predicts that oil production in the United States will peak between 1965 and 1970, lending credence to theorists who use a similar model to predict the date at which oil production will peak on a global scalea theory which becomes known as peak oil. New fears over global oil production coincide with the formation in 1960 of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries, or OPEC, as a cartel bringing together many of the worlds leading oil producers. 1960: Competing economic t heories Following a period during which Keynesian economic theory reigned supreme, in part due to the work of the renowned economist Paul Samuelson, healthy economic times in the United States during the 1960s coincide with the rise of Milton Friedman, an economist who argues strongly in support of laissez-faire, libertarian economic principles that stand in contrast to the theories of John Maynard Keynes. Friedman also spreads the theory of monetarism, a school of economic thought in which the supply of money in an economy is used as the primary tool to affect the countryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s rate of inflation. 1978: Socialism with Chinese characteristics Beginning in 1978, pragmatists within Chinas Communist party, led by Deng Xiaoping, spearhead a series of economic reforms aimed at generating economic surplus and modernizing the Chinese economy. These reforms are generally credited with lifting millions of Chinese out of poverty during the final decades of the twentieth c entury. Analysts in the West commonly characterize these reforms as part of a gradual Chinese shift toward a capitalist system, but Beijing rebuffs such claims, saying Chinese economic liberalization does not undermine the Marxist principles followed by the countrys government or the Chinese Communist Party itself. 1979: Stagflation and Deindustrialization Paul Volcker takes the helm at the U.S. Federal Reserve during a period of stagflationa combination of economic stagnation and inflation. Volcker implements the monetarism espoused by economist Milton Friedman as a counter inflation strategy, provoking a deep recession that accelerates the shift of the U.S. economy from manufacturing to services and lays the foundation for steady growth during the 1980s. 1981: Reganomics and the laffer curve Ronald Reagan assumes the U.S. presidency in 1981, preaching four pillars of economic policy that come to be called Reaganomics: reducing government spending; reducing marginal tax es on labor and income; reducing government regulation of the economy; and using monetary policy to keep inflation rates low. This theory of economics is bolstered by the Laffer curve, a concept popularized by the economist Arthur Laffer that argues increases in taxation rates do not necessarily increase overall tax revenue. 1991: Post Cold War globalization The collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War function as enabling mechanisms, spurring a period of globalization and economic liberalization across many countries. This shift is exemplified in 1995 by the establishment of the World Trade Organization, an organization tasked with supervising and standardizing oversight of international trade and liberalizing the global trade agenda. The shift toward globalization comes with discontents, however. The vulnerabilities engendered by a more liberalized international financial network become clear during the second half of the 1990s, as financial crises break out in several emerging economies, including Mexico, several East Asian countries, Russia, and Brazil. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) makes emergency loans to many of these countries, but imposes political restrictions as a condition for the loans. The shock of these crises and irritation over the IMFs loan conditions changes the way affected countries think about reserve capital. Particularly in East Asia, countries build up large reserves of foreign currencies in an effort to stave off future crises and the need for future IMF loansa trend which exacerbates trade imbalances throughout the early 2000s. 1992 WTO The establishment of the European Union signals a period in which several groups of countries seek to integrate their economies with those of their neighbors through regional economic blocs. The European Union expands throughout the 1990s and 2000s. In 1993, the United States, Canada, and Mexico sign the North American Free Trade Agreement, or NAFTA, binding their e conomies much more comprehensively. Other blocs, including Mercosur in Latin America and ASEAN in Southeast Asia, seek to expand their influence over the course of the decade. The culmination of this trend is the establishment of the euro, a common currency adopted by a group of EU member states in 2002. 2000-2006 Deregulation as poilcy By the latter part of the 1990s, with the U.S. economy booming, dissenting opinion about the free markets ability to self-correct has faded. U.S. President George W. Bush presses an agenda, initiated by the Clinton administration, that encourages home ownership as a major economic priority. Interest rate cuts at the U.S. Federal Reserve, made in the wake of the dotcom bubble, encourage easy credit in the United States, eventually fueling a credit bubble. Meanwhile, in 2004 the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission lifts a regulation limiting the extent to which major investment banks can leverage their investments. Increased borrowing, taken alongside U.S. spending on the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, work together to balloon the U.S. budget deficit. Eventually, a bubble in the U.S. housing market bursts, bringing major problems for U.S. subprime lending outfits, sparking the 2007-08 financial crisis and leading to a broader rethink of when and how markets should be regulated.

The Negative Effects of Offshoring Customer Service

The Negative Effects 1 The Negative Effects of Offshoring Customer Service Lisa Morris Com 120 December 1, 2009 Karen Halusek The Negative Effects 2 The Negative Effects of Offshoring Customer Service She is very excited. She just came home with her brand new computer. She and her husband had been saving every extra dollar for quite some time and they were finally able to purchase the computer they had been wanting. They succeeded in getting it set up and excitedly turned it on but could not seem to run it correctly. She called the toll free customer support line, confident that they would have their new computer up and running in no time. The call was answered promptly†¦show more content†¦If we cannot count on American companies to provide Americans with jobs, just whom can we count on? The unemployment rate hit 10.2% in October 2009. This is only the second time since WWII that joblessness in America has topped 10%. Certainly the use of technology to increase productivity accounts for some of the unemployment rate; however, another major factor in the high unemployment rate is compani es engaging in offshoring (â€Å"10% jobless is tougher than it used to be,† 2009, p. A7). Proponents for offshoring say that it is good for the economy. According to Alan Blinder, Professor of Economics and Public Affairs at Princeton University, as of 2004, jobs that can be offshored have seen a decrease of 13% in what employees here at home are paid to do that job. This result surprised him and other economic professionals. Blinder believes that offshoring will hurt the United States in other ways as well as lower wage levels, including higher unemployment rates and depreciated dollar levels (â€Å"Offshoring: Will Last 2-3 Decades, 30-40 Million American Jobs Lost.† 2009). It cannot possibly be good for the American economy to lose numerous jobs to overseas workers as well as seeing the value of our dollar going down along with wages. Filmmaker Greg Spotts filmed a documentary interviewing several people who have lost their jobs due to outsourcing. These displaced workers spoke to him of depression and other health problems that are setting in as well as poverty. AccordingShow MoreRelatedLesson 5 Discussion Forum : Caterpillar Inc.1451 Words   |  6 Pagesbetween two tractor companies. However, the official genesis was in 1986 when the company reorganized under the Caterpillar Inc. name. The CAT headquarters are in Peoria, Illinois. Over the years, CAT has offshored a lot of their manufacturing. Offshoring is different than outsourcing because the company still has ownership of the process. However, the location of the process is abroad. 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The Death of Ivan Ilyich by Leo Tolstoy Book Report/Review

Essays on The Death of Ivan Ilyich by Leo Tolstoy Book Report/Review The paper "The Death of Ivan Ilyich by Leo Tolstoy" is a good example of a book review on literature. Hypocrisy and deceit are a way of life among the people around Ivan. Worse yet, most people are aware of it but choose to ignore it. As Ivan grows becomes ill, the hypocrisy around him upsets him as much as his illness. Tolstoy portrays society as selfish and greedy people who do not care for real human relationships. He suggests that greed creates obstacles to proper living.Peter's crossing-bowing way upon entering the death-chamber depicts hypocrisy. Praskovya invited Peter into her drawing-room. This was not for joint comfort. It was to find out how she could utilize her husband’s pension. The knickknacks and furniture postulate obstacles to communication. Praskovyas shawl, snagged by the magnificent table edge, is as an attack on the worthless society life.Peter and Fedor were Ivan’s friends, yet when they heard he is dead, their only concern was their own promotion s (Tolstoy 18). Fedor did not bother to go to the Ivans service, and Peter only went from a sense of compulsion. Schwartz is the most deceptive character. While Peter got quite affected by Ivans's death at the service, Schwartz is entirely unaffected.Ivans widow is also false. Together with Peter, they go through mourning activities. They do things because it is correct then because they feel any grief for Ivan. Doing what is appropriate makes them feel better for themselves (Tolstoy 29). Gerasim appears to be the only honest person in Ivan’s world. He is the only one who sees that Ivan is dying and can reassure him. He understands that Ivan suffers from a fear of death and shows him compassion. Gerasim is sincere because of he aware of his ultimate death in a manner no other person is. He knows that he will die, as Ivan is dying now (Tolstoy 33).Though Ivan's condition is discouraging, the doctor still is not open to him. The doctor does not tell Ivan that he is dying. Ivan recognizes this and relates the lying doctor with the common class. This got seen as an admission that his work life was false. Ivan concludes that perhaps his work life, family life, friendships, and everything else was false.

Business Process Accounting Information Systems

Question: Discuss about the Business Process for Accounting Information Systems. Answer: Introduction The following report evaluates the business process of B Bakery. The brand is a family owned business enterprise dealing in confectionery as well as bakery products. The brand has been in the business in 50 years. The brand has been supplying the bread and the confectionery products to supermarkets and the pub-chains. In the recent years, the brand has experienced considerable growth in the sales revenue of the brand. The brand has lost some of its key customers due to its ineffective pricing policies. The management of the business organization feels the need for accounting software for the development of the authentic preparation of the accounting statements. It shall also analyze the financial statements of the business entity and take pertinent measures towards organizational growth and sustainability. The MYOB software shall be appropriate for the business of B Bakery in recording the financial transactions of the business enterprise. Abernathy (2015) mentioned that the MYOB software has achieved several benefits that can help the business entity in developing pertinent financial strategies for the business entity. However, the brand has been able to achieve the organizational objectives and goals for the business entity. Balakrishnan. and Cohen (2013) stated that the accounting softwares that has been of assistance to the business entity in executing its manufacturing and the distribution policies for the business entity. The issues present in the existing business situation of the organization shall be addressed by the implementation of the MYOB software. The MYOB software shall be cost beneficial and shall help the business enterprise in reducing the production expenses of the business entity., Business Processes B Bakery is a family owned business entity that consists of around 70 employees. In the recent years, the sales revenue of the business enterprise was equivalent to 13.5 million. It is a 50-year-old business entity. The brand has been offering bread as well as confectionery products to the supermarkets as well as the pub chain. The business entity has been an hiring an accountant to facilitate organization growth and authentic preparation of the financial statements., it can be stated that the business entity has been looking for advanced technological softwares to make authentic preparation of the accounting statements in the business entity . As such, the management of the business entity really felt the need of the accounting softwares in the business organization to record the transactions in an authentic manner. Thus, Baker being a family owned business enterprise felt the need of the authentic preparation of the financial statements in the business enterprise to correctly asses s the financial condition of the business entity. In this regard, it can be stated that the brand had performed exceptionally in the last accounting year. As such, there is the need to manage the accounting statements in the business organization to ensure there is s no discrepancy. A substantial portion of the Bakers revenue comes from supplying goods to various business units. As such, there is a large amount of distribution costs present in the organization. As such, such expenses need to be accounted for to ensure there are no financial irregularities in the business operational policies of the organization. Currently one of the issues that the brand is facing is the pricing policies adopted in the business entity. Recently, the brand has lost a substantial market share in the domestic market due to its inability to manage a competitive market share. Thus, this shall have an impact on the business functionalities of the organization and its goodwill as well as reputation in the market. Balsam et al. (2014) mentioned that adopting a new software in the organization shall lead the organization toward better financial resources in the market . In addition, to this the business organization shall have the ability to better assess the financial condition of the business organization and make the necessary measures towards achieving financial sustainability. B Baker has increased its product range in the lasts years. Due to this, it has been able to develop a positive consumer perception in the domestic market. In this regard, it can be stated that the brand has executed consistent sales performance in the recent years. The consumer base of the market s shall consist of different market segments in the domestic market. Therefore, the brand has different production, operation as well as marketing policies to lead the brand towards a greater market share. Beatt and Lia (2014) mentioned that the financial strategies of the business enterprise should have to be prepared in facilitating greater growth and sustainability in the domestic as well as the International market. Business Requirements The manufacturing as well as the distribution strategies of the business entity has to be indispensible to be executed. As such, this shall help the business enterprise for the determination of the goals as well as the objectives of the business entity. The brand has to meet the consumer demands on a regular basis to help the business activity to achieve the goals and objectives. The brand supplies bakery as well as confectionary products to the different market segments. As such, this shall help the business entity to achieve the necessary goals and the objectives of the business entity. Bevis (2013) mentioned that the brand has established distribution units to assist organizational growth and productivity in the international market. In this regard, it can be state that the brand has faced issues regarding the pricing policies adopted in the business enterprise. Thus, the financial policies adopted in the business enterprise. According to Biondi and Zambon (2013), the food and the confectionary industry operates in an intensively competitive market environment. The pricing policies that has to be followed in the business enterprise shall help in developing newer markets in the global market. In addition, the brand has the ability in achieving market growth as well as sustainability in the international market. An effective manufacturing as well as distribution process in the organization shall help in attaining the long-term objectives and the goals of the business entity. The production processes in the business entity shall facilitate in achieving organization growth. Brown (2013) stated that the operational policies of the business entity shall assist in aiding organizational growth and sustainability in the domestic and international market. It is necessary for the business entity to develop pertinent financial strategies to lead the organization towards financial strength and business sustainability in the market. This shall ensure that the business entity shall achieve the necessary business sustainability of the brand. In this regard, it can be stated that the operational and the marketing policies of the business entity shall considerably depend on the financial strategies taken by the brand. As such, it is necessary for the business to develop the marketing as well as the operational strategies that would depend on the financial policies. Bushman (2014) stated that the benefits of taking pertinent operational strategies are lowering the cost of the goods of the business entity. In addition, the implementation of the accounting softwares in the business entity shall help the business enterprise in preparing authentic financial statements that shall reflect the actual financial condition of the business entity. Beside s this, the brand has to execute the marketing , operational as well as the financial strategies of the business enterprise in a consistent manner on a regular basis . Concerning this, it can be said that these three processes in the business enterprise are interrelated and shall have an impact on the regular business functionalities of the business enterprise. System Requirements The software as well as the following features of the business functionalities shall address the following issues in the implementation of softwares in the business entity. In these regard , it can be stated that the operation and the marketing strategies of the business enterprise shall lead the entity towards growth and sustainability in the International market . According to Carlon (2015). the bakery business would require a simplistic yet effective software that would fulfill the organizational objectives and the goals of the business entity . In this regard, it can be stated that the marketing as well as the organizational goals. Recently, the brand has suffered due to improper goals and the objectives of the business entity. In this regard, it can be stated that the organization has been able to achieve the market goals as well as the objectives of the business enterprise. Thus, the investment accountings software that shall be implemented shall address the issue relating to t he recording as well as the assessment of the accounting transactions in the business organization. As such, Cheng et al. (2013) noted that the management of the business entity shall have to ensure that that the accounting software implemented in the business organization shall have to help the business entity in the development of the financial strategies of the business organization. In addition, the accounting software adopted in the business organization shall help the organization to identify the existing discrepancies in the financial statements of the organization (Henderson et al. 2013). Thus, the accounting softwares implemented in the business organization would facilitate the need for the authenticity of the accounting transactions implemented in the business organization. The brand has to ensure that the accounting software adopted in the business organization would ensure faster recording of the accounting transactions in the business entity. However, the implementation of the software transactions in the business enterprise wood requires certain additional budget fro m the business enterprise. Thus, the expenses incurred in the implementation of the budget shall have to be within the budget of the organization. As such, effective planning as well as monitoring of the expenses shall be a necessary in the process of determination of the accounting software and its necessary implications (Henderson et al.2013). Besides this, the accounting softwares implemented should assist the business enterprise in the process of financial decision-making. It should offer the relevant features for the business entity to develop ratio analysis as well as the financial decision-making. This shall help the business enterprise in the development of the accounting policies and strategies of the business entity. Thus, the accounting software shall be of pertinent help to the business enterprise in the development of the financial policies of the business enterprise. Besides this, Choi et al. (2013) these features the accounting software installed would be of help to the business entity in financial forecasting and the determination of budget. This shall be one of the necessary features for the business enterprise in the development of the goals and the objectives (Skaife et al. (2013). In this regard, it can be stated that the operational as well as the marketing policies of the business entity shall be facilitated through the implementation of effective accounting software in the business organization. Software Selection The MYOB accounting software shall be most suitable in recording the accounting statements as well as the reports of the business entity. In this regard, it can be stated the MYOB software has been developed to determine the investment solutions for small scale business enterprises. As such, this is necessary for the B. Bakery to record their statemements in an authentic manner. Thus, this is necessary for the business entity to correctly assess the financial situation of the business entity and respond appropriately. Ramanna (2013) stated that the MYOB accounting software should have to develop features that shall offer financing accounting statements for the business enterprise like ratio analysis and the capital budgeting techniques for the business entity. Otley and Emmanuel (2013) mentioned that the MYOB accounting software shall enable the business entity for the development of the financial policies for a business enterprise. In addition, the MYOB accounting software shall hel p the business enterprise in the development of the organization goals and objectives of the business entity. The Clinton et al. (2014) mentioned that MYOB accounting software has been most suitable in handling the complexities of the medium scale business enterprise. B.Bakery has been able to achieve substantial sales revenue in the existing year. As such,, it is necessary for the business entity to record and analyze the financial transactions of the business entity in an appropriate manner. The MYOB accounting software has been simple and easy to understand (Perkins 2016). Besides, the implementation costs of the organization have been very low and would not have any impact on the financial condition of the business organization. Thus, the MYOB accounting software shall not have any adverse influence on the existing condition of the business enterprise. The MYOB accounting software when compared to SAP, Xerox shall have many pertinent advantages (Henderson et al.2013). Thus, it lesser cheap and lesser complicated than SAP and Xerox. This softwares shall not be appropriate for medium scale business enterprises with limited business operations. Crawley and Wahlen (2014) mentioned that the MYOB accounting software has been appropriate for medium s cale business houses and lead the business entity towards developing pertinent operational strategies for the business enterprise. Vendor Selection Following is the contrast between SAP and MYOB in the business enterprise.. Scale of operations The scale of operations has a determining factor on the selection between the SAP as well as MYOB. Dai (2015) mentioned that SAP is more suitable for organizations, which operates in multiple countries. Therefore, it is more appropriate for business a organization that operates in several product and service lines. The scale of operations in the business organizations shall have a considerable influence on the selection of the accounting softwares. As such, the implementation of the SAP and the MYOB shall be dependent on the nature of the product and the service line the firm is operating. Business functionalities - SAP is the most effective software that help the business organization to execute a large number of business functions like marketing, human resources, finance and operates. Duggan et al. (2013) mentioned that a SAP module develops coordination between the various departments in the organization and facilitates the marketing, finance as well as the operations of the business entity order to attain the long terns of the business enterprise. On the other hand, the MYOB software shall have to be dependent on the determination of the accounting policies of the business entity. Expenditure Henderson et al. (2013) stated that the implementation of the SAP module requires considerable expenditure of the business entity. When compared to the MYOB, an implementation of the SAP module of the organization shall be considered substantial. The MYOB is less costly than all the accounting softwares in the business organization. Therefore, the MYOB shall have an adverse impact on the existing business condition. As such, it is more suitable to business entities to medium and small-scale business entities, which operates in a restricted market segment. According to Easton et al. (2013), the MYOB software in the business organization would gain a distinctive edge over other accounting softwares in the business entity. Thus, the accounting software used in the case of MYOB shall be cost- beneficial and have an impact on the operational and the financial policies of the business entity. Multi lingual Salako and Yusuf (2016) mentioned that the SAP system is multilingual and can operate in multiple languages. As such, the SAP system is more suitable to the global market. However, the MYOB system cannot operates in multiple languages. The SAP system implemented in the business organization supports a range of languages and business processes. Therefore, it is more versatile than the MYOB system adopted in the business organization. Integration- The SAP system plays a pivotal role in coordinating and integrating the activities of the various departments. It is an effective tool for the business entity in ensuring smoother business operations. Skaife et al. (2013) mentioned that the MYOB system in the business organization should only aid the accounting and the financial activities of a business organization. Therefore, it plays a narrow role than the SAP system implemented in the business entity. Customization - The SAP system can be customized as per the needs of the business entity. Thus, the SAP system can be adopted to as per the needs of the business organization. According to Biondi and Zambon (2013), each organization shall have different needs and the SAP system can be used to facilitate the needs of the organization. However, the MYOB system cannot be adapted as per the needs of the organization. Bushman (2014) stated that the MYOB system is an uniform accounting system that shall address the issues in the organization. It shall state the necessary financial policies as well as guidelines in the organization, which shall help the financial department in the organization to prepare the year ended annual reports of the business entity. This is a petinent benefit of the MYOB accounting system and shall facilitate the accounting and the financial policies taken in the business entity. In the case of B.Bakery, the most important SAP system in the business organization has been the MYOB accounting system in the business organization. As such, the MYOB system in the business organization has been able to determine the management of the organization. The MYOB accounting is most suitable for a medium scale business organization. As such, Gupta, (2016) noted that its implementation is less expensive and shall require minimum training for the staff. The brand has the ability to determine the operational as well as the marketing policies of the business enterprise. The MYOB accounting system has some specific features for the business entity. These include the CasH Flow management, payroll management as well as the inventory management in the business entity. Crawley and Wahlen (2014) mentioned that easy synchronization of the accounting strategies of the business enterprise. Thus, the Bakery business would benefit from the MYOB accounting software by achieving authenticity and transparency in the accounting statement of the business organization. Jameson (2013) stated that the accounting software facilitates a range of accounting softwares in the business organization. Narayanaswamy (2014) mentioned that these include the ratio analysis techniques as well a as forecasting as well as the budgeting techniques in the business organization. Therefore, the accounting software in the business organization shall help in the development of the financial policies as well as the strategies of the business entity. Stefaniak et al. (2012) stated that the accounting software shall facilitate recording of the accounts and the financial analysis of the organization. The MYOB accounting software shall play a pivotal role for the authentic recording of the financial transactions in the business entity. Otley and Emmanuel (2013) stated that the MYOB accounting software should have to play a pivotal role in the financial analysis of the organization. Therefore, the management of the business organization would have to consider the development of the organizational goals and the objectives of the business enterprise. Warren et al. (2013) mentioned that the MYOB accounting software is a powerful accounting system that does not have any discrepancies. In this regard, it can be stated that the MYOB accounting softrware is an effective portal that shall have an impact on the business functionalities of the organization. In the context of the Bakery business, the brand shall require effective financial strategies that would assist the business enterprise in achieving financial sustainability and growth in the domestic and the International market. Guo et al. (2015) stated that the brand targets different markets and would require pertinent financial and operational strategies for the business entity. This would ensure that the brand achieves a distinct brand reputation and goodwill in the market. Besides this, this shall attract the prospective customers towards the brand. Lin et al. (2014) stated the the bakery business shall require prospective planning and the development in meeting the demands of the consumers. The brand consists of many operational and the financial activities of the business activity. Thus, a proper asseesment of the financial condition of the business entity, shall assist the business enterprise in the development of the financial strategies and that have an influence on the b usiness functionalities of the business organization. Conclusion It can be stated that the MYOB software has been an effective tool in assessing the financial condition of the business enterprise. When compared with SAP, the MYOB software has been cost effective and has helped the business enterprise in the preparation of the financial statements of the business enterprise. In the context of B.Bakery, there is a need for pertinent marketing strategies to develop competitive pricing policies for the business entity. In addition, the MYOB softwares offers various financial techniques like ratio analysis, forecasting as well as the budgeting techniques in the business enterprise. In this regard, it can be said that the B Bakery has achieved considerable sales revenue in the recent years. Thus, there is a need for effective financial policies to lead the organization to profitability as well as business sustainability. This shall be achieved through the implementation of the operational as well as financial policies of the business entity. This shall assist B Bakery to achieve the long-term goals and the objectives of the business enterprise. References Abernathy, J.L., Beyer, B., Masli, A. and Stefaniak, C.M., 2015. How the Source of Audit Committee Accounting Expertise Influences Financial Reporting Timeliness. Current Issues in Auditing, 9(1), pp.P1-P9. Balakrishnan, K. and Cohen, D.A., 2013. Competition and financial accounting misreporting. Available at SSRN 1927427. Balsam, S., Jiang, W. and Lu, B., 2014. Equity incentives and internal control weaknesses. Contemporary Accounting Research, 31(1), pp.178-201. Beatty, A. and Liao, S., 2014. Financial accounting in the banking industry: A review of the empirical literature. Journal of Accounting and Economics,58(2), pp.339-383. Bevis, H.W., 2013. Corporate Financial Accounting in a Competitive Economy (RLE Accounting). Routledge. Biondi, Y. and Zambon, S. eds., 2013. Accounting and business economics: Insights from national traditions. Routledge. Brown, P., 2013. Financial Accounting and Equity Markets: Selected Essays of Philip Brown (Vol. 4). Routledge. Bushman, R.M., 2014. Thoughts on financial accounting and the banking industry. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 58(2), pp.384-395. Carlon, S., McAlpine-Mladenovic, R., Palm, C., Mitrione, L., Kirk, N. and Wong, L., 2015. Financial Accounting: Reporting, Analysis and Decision Making. John Wiley and Sons Australia. Cheng, M., Dhaliwal, D. and Zhang, Y., 2013. Does investment efficiency improve after the disclosure of material weaknesses in internal control over financial reporting?. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 56(1), pp.1-18. Choi, J.H., Choi, S., Hogan, C.E. and Lee, J., 2013. The effect of human resource investment in internal control on the disclosure of internal control weaknesses. Auditing: A Journal of Practice Theory, 32(4), pp.169-199. Clinton, S.B., Pinello, A.S. and Skaife, H.A., 2014. The implications of ineffective internal control and SOX 404 reporting for financial analysts. Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, 33(4), pp.303-327. Crawley, M. and Wahlen, J., 2014. Analytics in empirical/archival financial accounting research. Business Horizons, 57(5), pp.583-593. Dai, Y.H., 2015. Optimization of the internal accounting control based on the internet of Things. Duggan, J.W., Morgan, N. and Arnold, J.L., 2013. Reducing the risk of violating FCPA accounting provisions. Financial Executive, 29(4), pp.78-82. Easton, P.D., Wild, J.J., Halsey, R.F. and McAnally, M.L., 2013. Financial accounting for MBAs. Cambridge Business Publishers. Feng, M., Li, C., McVay, S.E. and Skaife, H., 2014. Does ineffective internal control over financial reporting affect a firm's operations? Evidence from firms' inventory management. The Accounting Review, 90(2), pp.529-557. Gong, G., Ke, B. and Yu, Y., 2013. Home Country Investor Protection, Ownership Structure and Crossà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Listed Firms' Compliance with SOXà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Mandated Internal Control Deficiency Disclosures. Contemporary Accounting Research, 30(4), pp.1490-1523. Guo, J., Huang, P., Zhang, Y. and Zhou, N., 2015. The Effect of Employee Treatment Policies on Internal Control Weaknesses and Financial Restatements. The Accounting Review. Gupta, A.K., 2016. Behavioural Accounting: Adding Behavioral Aspect to Financial Accounting. The International Journal of Business Management,4(3), p.38. Henderson, S., Peirson, G., Herbohn, K., Artiach, T. and Howieson, B., 2013. Issues in financial accounting. Pearson Higher Education AU. Jackson, S.B., Lipe, M.G. and Waddoups, N., 2016. Are Discretionary Accounting and Finance Choices Made to Address Management Control Concerns by Influencing Organizational Actions?. Available at SSRN 2745199. Jameson, J., 2013. Financial accounting methods and systems to account for assets and liabilities. U.S. Patent Application 13/998,500. Lin, Z., Li, J. and Xu, H., 2014. Relationship-based Investment, Internal Control and Large Shareholder Tunneling. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 2, p.004. Lisic, L.L., Neal, T.L., Zhang, I.X. and Zhang, Y., 2015. CEO Power, Internal Control Quality, and Audit Committee Effectiveness in Substance Versus in Form. Contemporary Accounting Research. Mayasari, M., 2015. The Influence of Personal Characteristics, Interaction:(Computer/Individual), Computer Self-efficacy, Personal Innovativeness in Information Technology to Computer Anxiety in use of Mind your Own Business Accounting Software. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 5(1S). Narayanaswamy, R., 2014. Financial Accounting: A Managerial Perspective. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.. Otley, D. and Emmanuel, K.M.C., 2013. Readings in accounting for management control. Springer. Perkins, J.D., 2016. Discussion of Security Returns and Volume Responses around International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) Earnings Announcements. The International Journal of Accounting. Ramanna, K., 2013. Why'Fair Value'is the Rule: How a Controversial Accounting Approach Gained Support. Harvard Business Review, 91(3). Salako, M.A. and Yusuf, S.A., 2016. Cost Accounting: A Pivotal Factor of Entrepreneurial Success. Skaife, H.A., Veenman, D. and Wangerin, D., 2013. Internal control over financial reporting and managerial rent extraction: Evidence from the profitability of insider trading. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 55(1), pp.91-110. Stefaniak, C.M., Houston, R.W. and Cornell, R.M., 2012. The effects of employer and client identification on internal and external auditors' evaluations of internal control deficiencies. Auditing: A Journal of Practice Theory, 31(1), pp.39-56. Sutherland, E., 2012. Computer Accounting: A Systematic Approach Using MYOB Business Management Software. Pearson Australia. Warren, C., Reeve, J. and Duchac, J., 2013. Corporate financial accounting. Cengage Learning.

Relationship between Substance Abuse and Personality

Annotated bibliography Mercer, Deanna, Douglass, Alan B., Links, Paul S. (2009). Meta-Analyses of Mood Stabilizers, Antidepressants and Antipsychotics in the Treatment of Borderline Personality Disorder: Effectiveness for Depression and Anger Symptoms. Journal of Personality Disorders, 23(2), 156-174.Advertising We will write a custom annotated bibliography sample on Relationship between Substance Abuse and Personality specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The research implemented by Mercer et al. (2009) aimed at defining whether mood stabilizers, antidepressants and antipsychotics are effective for treating anger and depression in patients with borderline personality disorder. The present study was based on the surveys which present validated data. Mercer et al. (2009) reported that mood stabilizers (except divalproic acid and carbamazepine) had quite considerable impact on anger reduction. Antidepressants had smaller, quite sparing, effect on both anger and depression reduction whereas antipsychotics had a moderate impact on anger reduction, and did not affected depression. However, Mercer et al (2009) pointed out that their survey did not cover the data of the impact of such substances on patients with alcohol or substance abuse and self-harm behavior. Aharonovich, Efrat, Nguyen, Hueco T., Nunes, Edward V. (2001). Anger and Depressive States among Treatment-Seeking Drug Abusers: Testing the Psychopharmacological Specificity Hypothesis. The American Journal on Addictions, 10(4), 327-334. Aharonovich et al. (2001) researched whether specific type of drugs caused specific disorders in patients with these substances abuse. The researches assumed that due to their different pharmacological properties such drugs as opiates, cocaine, cannabis can produce different effects on abusers’ behavior. The changes in behavior of sixty participants (50 men and 10 women) were studied. Aharonovich et al. (2001) found that the patients’ behavior can be characterized by increased anger and depression. However, the researchers did not reported about the correlation between the type of drugs and precise change in behavior. Though, the survey scored some elevated depression in opiate abusers and elevated anger in cocaine addicts, these data are insignificant to define the correlation between drugs and behavior deviation. Fox, Helen C., Hong, Kwang-lk A., Siedlarz, Kristen, Sinha, Rajita. (2008). Enhanced Sensitivity to Stress and Drug/Alcohol Craving in Abstinent Cocaine-Dependent Individuals Compared to Social Drinkers. Neuropsychopharmacology, 33(4), 796-805.Advertising Looking for annotated bibliography on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Fox et al. (2008) surveyed whether there were changes in stress response and craving in patients with substance abuse and patients with alcohol abuse. The behavior of forty people of the forme r group and forty people of the latter were examined. The participants’ respond to the imaginary stressful and more relaxing situations was observed. The researchers reported that drug abusers are more vulnerable to stress and craving than alcohol abusers. The alcohol addicts revealed considerably moderate response to stress. Thus, the survey suggested that drug addicts’ recovery could be hindered by their increased sensitivity to stress and craving. Mulvey, Edward P., Odgers, Candice, Skeem, Jennifer, Gardner, William, Schubert, Carol, Lidz, Charles. Substance Use and Community Violence:Â  A Test of the Relation at the Daily Level. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74(4), 743-754. Mulvey et al. (2006) researched the correlation between the substance (alcohol, cocaine, marijuana, etc.) abuse and violence in patience. The researchers concluded that the use of such substances leads to the increased likelihood of violence. The survey justified that the patie nts with mental disorders (at a high risk of violent behavior) who took substances like alcohol or drugs revealed increased amount of violent in the following days. The researchers also consider the implications of the use of such substances. Bond, Alyson J., Verheyden, Suzanne L., Wingrove, Janet, Curran, H. Valerie. (2004). Angry Cognitive Bias, Trait Aggression and Impulsivity in Substance Users. Psychopharmacology, 171(3), 331-339. Bond et al (2004) surveyed the correlation between substance abuse (and abuse for methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), in particular) and aggressive behavior. The participants of the research were addicts who took the drugs recently, abusers who did not take drugs for a year, and non-abusers. The participants had to process biased short stories with a key sentence revealing aggression or anger. The researchers concluded that people who took drugs were faster to process aggression biased passages which revealed that they were characterized by angry co gnitive bias. Besides, the researchers did not obtain the evidence of particular impact of MDMA. Thus, the Bond et al. (2004) concluded that drug abusers reveal the presence of angry cognitive biased. Relationship between substance abuse and personality The latest findings on the problem The implication of substance abuse is being extensively surveyed nowadays. Researchers report about the changes of behavior and even personality in substance abusers. Such addicts are characterized by more aggressive behavior and more sensitivity to depression and stress.Advertising We will write a custom annotated bibliography sample on Relationship between Substance Abuse and Personality specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Various surveys suggest that drug addicts start playing more active role in the social life, they become distant and even indifferent to the world around them. The main concern of such people is their craving to drugs or alcohol . It is necessary to point out that drug abusers are more stressful and aggressive than alcohol addicts. Moreover, drug abusers’ recovery is much more hampered by such behavior changes as aggression, depression, anger and hyper-sensitivity to stress. Difference substances cause the same effect It is necessary to add that there can be no such notion as safer drugs or less harmful alcohol abuse. Different pharmacological peculiarities of such substances as cocaine, amphetamine, marijuana, etc. lead to the same consequences: the change of personality. Of course, apart from psychological deviations any drug abuse can lead to numerous health problems. Any substance abuse affects such important systems as endocrine vascular. The risk group – adolescent drug abusers It is essential to point out that substance abuse in adolescents is even more dangerous since the organism is still growing and is more subjected to various factors. There can be no surprise that adolescent drug a busers are more subjected to the changes in behavior. Aggression, violence or depression can affect greatly the development of personality. Thus, the use of drugs is unacceptable for people of all ages, but especially for adolescents. Conclusion In conclusion, it is possible to note that drug abuse causes severe changes in behavior (or even change of personality), and various serious health problems, irrespective of drugs pharmacological peculiarities. It is also necessary to point out that the drug abuse in young people leads to more serious mental and other health problems. Reference Aharonovich, Efrat, Nguyen, Hueco T., Nunes, Edward V. (2001). Anger and Depressive States among Treatment-Seeking Drug Abusers: Testing the Psychopharmacological Specificity Hypothesis. The American Journal on Addictions, 10(4), 327-334. Bond, Alyson J., Verheyden, Suzanne L., Wingrove, Janet, Curran, H. Valerie. (2004). Angry Cognitive Bias, Trait Aggression and Impulsivity in Substance Users. Psych opharmacology, 171(3), 331-339.Advertising Looking for annotated bibliography on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Fox, Helen C., Hong, Kwang-lk A., Siedlarz, Kristen, Sinha, Rajita. (2008). Enhanced Sensitivity to Stress and Drug/Alcohol Craving in Abstinent Cocaine-Dependent Individuals Compared to Social Drinkers. Neuropsychopharmacology, 33(4), 796-805. Mercer, Deanna, Douglass, Alan B., Links, Paul S.. (2009). Meta-Analyses of Mood Stabilizers, Antidepressants and Antipsychotics in the Treatment of Borderline Personality Disorder: Effectiveness for Depression and Anger Symptoms. Journal of Personality Disorders, 23(2), 156-174. Mulvey, Edward P., Odgers, Candice, Skeem, Jennifer, Gardner, William, Schubert, Carol, Lidz, Charles. Substance Use and Community Violence:Â  A Test of the Relation at the Daily Level. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74(4), 743-754. This annotated bibliography on Relationship between Substance Abuse and Personality was written and submitted by user Alana Gutierrez to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.